大学入試長文読解

Some have likened the calendar to a clock; this is, of course, a mistake. A calendar hangs by my desk but there is no way I can tell the date just by looking at it. The calendar is more abstract; it is a systematic way of naming the days by allocating each to a year and a month and maybe a week. It enables us to label the days in the past and in the future and to arrange them all in order. If we know the date of two events we know which was the earlier and which the later; the calendar enables us (1 )to make or impose unambiguous commitments for the future; without a calendar, a diary would be a muddle. In another meaning of the word, a calendar is an almanac, a program of future events or a record of past events, each assigned to a day or a year. The calendar is thus a human invention. If I want to know the date, I may refer to a newspaper or the radio or look at my calendar; I could ask a friend. If I were on my own, however, like Robinson Crusoe, I would have to remember the d...

Of the personal memoirs of Hiroshima that I know―which are those that have been translated from the Japanese―all but (1)one have this in common, that they are gatherings of images rather than continuous narratives. And one can see why this might be the form those memories would take. These books are by men and women who were there, under that burst of apocalyptic light and heat, and who witnessed the utter strangeness of the event and its aftermath. They looked on a scene more radically unfamiliar and more desolate than any battlefield: the dead more hideous, the surface of the earth more utterly devastated. Nothing was recognizable, neither persons nor places: children did not recognize their parents, people returning to their neighborhoods couldn't find where their own houses had stood, or even their streets. As for the order in time that continuity in a story implies, where was it? What could be expected or predicted in this annihilated place? How could there be a tomorrow? ...

The word 'conversation' comes from the Old French word 'conversed ('con' means 'together'), which means 'to keep company with', and this implicit meaning is important - conversation is keeping company through words. It is at the heart of social interaction. It is always done with others, even if those others are imaginary people inside your own head. Another word we use to describe conversation is 'dialogue', which comes from the Greek word 'dialogos', a word made up of two parts: 'dia', which means 'between two', and 'logos', which means 'word'. Dialogue then means the speaking that passes backwards and forwards between two or more people. Conversation is vital to our development and fulfilment as human beings. Relationships are formed and developed through talk, in groups of two or more. Conversations are not necessarily about anything very important. (1)Sometimes the act of talking and communic...

原文は こちら II 1 On November 2, 2010, Facebook's American users were subject to an ambitious experiment in civic-engineering: Could a social network get people to vote in that day's elections? get O to do「Oに～させる」 2 The answer was yes. 3 The way to [31 ] (1. nudge 2. shake 3. stroke) bystanders to the voting booths was simple. It consisted of a graphic containing a link for looking up voting places, a button to click to announce that you had voted, and the profile photos of up to six Facebook friends 〔who had indicated they'd already done the same〕. look up「調べる」 up to「最大～までの」 done the same = voted [32](1. Against 2. With 3. Beyond) Facebook's cooperation, the political scientists〔who conducted the study〕 planted that graphic in the newsfeeds of tens of millions of users. Other groups of Facebook users were shown a [33](1. generic 2. generous 3. genetic) get-out-the-vote message or received no voting reminder at all. Then the researcher...

原文は こちら 1→強制することだけが「power」ではない。 It is a mistake to think that power consists of just ordering others to change. power　「権力」 order O to do　「Oに～しろと命ずる」 You can affect their behavior by shaping their preferences [31](I. so 2. in ways 3. such) that produce what you want rather than relying on carrots and sticks to change their behavior when "push comes to shove." by doing 「～することによって」 so that S V 「～ように」 in ways that 「～（する）方法」←thatは関係代名詞 Sometimes you can get the outcomes〔you want〕 without pushing or shoving. Ignoring this dimension by using too narrow a definition of power can lead to a poorly shaped foreign policy. too 形容詞 a 名詞「あまりにも～な...」 lead to「～につながる」 this dimension→powerは「押しつける」だけではない、ということ。 In my opinion, there are three aspects of power. 2→powerの第１の側面＝強制（coercion） The first aspect, or "face," of power was defined by Yale political scientist Robert Dahl in studies of New Haven in the 1950s, or「つまり、いわば」 and it is widely u...

II 1 On November 2, 2010, Facebook's American users were subject to an ambitious experiment in civic-engineering: Could a social network get people to vote in that day's elections? 2 The answer was yes. 3 The way to [31 ] (1. nudge 2. shake 3. stroke) bystanders to the voting booths was simple. It consisted of a graphic containing a link for looking up voting places, a button to click to announce that you had voted, and the profile photos of up to six Facebook friends who had indicated they'd already done the same. [32](L Against 2. With 3. Beyond) Facebook's cooperation, the political scientists who conducted the study planted that graphic in the newsfeeds of tens of millions of users. Other groups of Facebook users were shown a [33](1. generic 2. generous 3. genetic) get-out-the-vote message or received no voting reminder at all. Then the researchers compared their subjects' names with the day's actual voting records to measure how much their...

1 Half of all New Yorkers speak a language besides English at home, and many of the rest have non-English-speaking parents or grandparents. This linguistic diversity goes back a long way: as soon as the Dutch arrived, establishing more of a trading post than a colony, New York became a Babel of tongues. "On the island of Manhate [Manhattan], and in its environs," reported the Jesuit Father Jogues in 1646, "there may well be four or five hundred men of different sects and nations: The Director General told me that there were men of eighteen different languages." That number probably doesn't include the varieties of Munsee spoken by New York's native inhabitants; today Munsee lives on, but with just a few speakers left, the youngest in her seventies. 2 By the late 19th century, New York had become a melting pot of footloose Europeans―Brooklyn was a Scandinavian port, Manhattan was a great Irish metropolis, and the entire city of New York was the thir...

フレーズ・解説は こちら II 1 It is a mistake to think that power consists of just ordering others to change. You can affect their behavior by shaping their preferences [31](I. so 2. in ways 3. such) that produce what you want rather than relying on carrots and sticks to change their behavior when "push comes to shove." Sometimes you can get the outcomes you want without pushing or shoving. Ignoring this dimension by using too narrow a definition of power can lead to a poorly shaped foreign policy. In my opinion, there are three aspects of power. 2 The first aspect, or "face," of power was defined by Yale political scientist Robert Dahl in studies of New Haven in the 1950s, and it is widely used today [32](1. even though 2. as long as 3. so that) it covers only part of power behavior. This face of power focuses on the ability to get others to act in ways that are [33](1. in favor of 2. similar to 3. contrary to) their initial preferences and strategies. To measure ...